(wow) Words Of Wonders Level 2579 Answers – About ten thousand ancient burial mounds still exist in and around the Carpathian Basin. Many of these kurgans or tumuli show direct archaeological links to the highly mobile Yamnaya culture of the Pontic-Caspian lowlands to the east and may have been built by Yamnaya migrants.
Testing ancient DNA from remains in these burials is important because the results may reveal profound genetic, cultural and linguistic changes that took place in Hungary and the Balkans during the Copper and Bronze Ages.
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But unfortunately, perhaps to the dismay of some readers, they are not overly consistent with what happened in northern and western Europe at this time, and my big guess is that corded ware does not support the current consensus. Culture (CWC) was the main vector for the spread of steppe clans and Indo-European languages to these parts of the continent.
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An important thing to understand about the spread of the Yamnaya River into the Carpathian Basin is that it largely stopped at the Tisza River. Some archaic cultures west of the Tiza, such as Mako and Vucedol, show very strong Yamnaya influences, but they cannot be considered part of the Yamnaya colonization of Central Europe. Below is a slightly modified map from Heyd 2011 to illustrate my point.
In fact, four samples from the early Yamnaya period from one of the many kurgans west of Tija have already been published by Olalde et al. 2018 Bell Beaker Culture Document (BBC). And one of these specimens, identified as I5117, also represents a male burial in a Yamanaya-like posture. But in my Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the genetic diversity of ancient western Eurasia the three individuals clustered together like this.
They are firmly placed in other specimens from the Copper Age and Neolithic from the west of the Pontic-Caspian Lowland. In other words, they do not actually show Yamnaya or steppe origins. Moreover, two males belong to the Y-haplogroup G2a-L91, which has not yet been found in any Copper and Bronze Age steppe samples.
However, this does not mean that the spread of the Yamnaya culture in the Carpathian Basin was a cultural process with little or no genetic influence. Probably not, because five specimens labeled “Yamnaya Hungary” are shown in Wang et al. 2018 preprint on the genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus, and judging by their PCA and concatenation results (pictured below from the preprint), they are not very different from other Yamnaya samples further east. Kalmykia or Samara.
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But I’d say that not every one of the tens of thousands of kurgans and tumuli in and around the Carpathian Basin were built by newcomers to the steppe, so my second guess is a fair share of Yamnaya-related proportions. Burial mounds, especially west of Tija, may contain remains without any grass lineage.
As far as I know, the Y-haplogroup of the aforementioned Yamnaya Hungarian sample has not yet been reported anywhere. But there are three ancient ones in Matheson et al. A 2018 paper on the genetic prehistory of Southeast Europe is very informative about what we can expect in this regard, as it is most closely related to the Hungarian Yamnaya population based on their archeology and ancestry. They are:
You might say it doesn’t have much to do with it. Perhaps, but R1b-Z2103 is now found in Yamnaya samples from Ciscaucasia, Kalmykia and Samara, and I2a-L699 in Yamnaya individual samples from Kalmykia. Therefore, many outcomes are still possible, but some are more likely than others. So I expect that most Hungarian Yamnaya men are related to R1b-Z2103 and I2a-L699, or even vice versa!
However, to my best guess, I would not expect to see R1a-M417 or R1b-L51, the two most common Y-halogen groups, among present-day Europeans living north and west of the Balkans. And if these marks do indeed appear, I think they are represented by rare or extinct clans of no great importance to the people of Europe. Have any ideas? Feel free to share them in the comments.
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In my last two blog posts, I tried to explain why the so-called bell goblets of prehistoric Europe are not reliably derived from the Yamnaya population of the Carpathian Basin and are likely, to varying degrees, offshoots. Individual graves or folk pottery with ropeware from the Lower Rhine region (see here and here).
To further my message, below is a series of new Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plots showing the distinct position of Dutch Lower Rhine beakers in comparison to the Corded Ware population and all other beaker groups in Germany. The relevant data sheet is available here.
Dutch beakers do not sit neatly between Corded Ware and other beaker patterns, but are generally at the top of their groups, suggesting to me that they are not a mixture of Corded Ware and one or more other beaker groups, but rather, as my recent argument indicates, genetically homogeneous, significant to other beaker groups. Relatively unique and therefore long-lived related populations that have provided gene flow.
Note also that all these results are confirmed by different types of official statistics. I know this because I did it.
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Tags: All-Over-Cord, Bell Beaker, Corded Ware Culture, Pontic-Caspian Steppe, R1a-M417, R1b-L21, R1b-L51, R1b-P312, Rhenish Beaker, Single Grave Culture, Netherlands, Western Europe, Yamnaya
I study genetic structure in bluebell populations in detail with formal statistics and principal components analysis (PCA). As far as I can see, the two most homogeneous, and least likely to have recently mixed, Beaker groups are Dutch Beakers and Dutch and British male Beakers, which also belong to Y-haplogroup R1b-P312. This makes sense since both Dutch and British glasses are called Rhenish glasses.
The results are also consistent with the observation that Dutch noses are anatomically the best noses, with a three-quarters or more distinctly brachycephalic, plano-occipital skull (similar).
Furthermore, these two beaker groups are among the most Yamnaya-like beakers of German Cable Ware culture samples (~60% vs. ~70%) of Yamnaya-related origins. Consequently, the Dutch ware form a more or less continuous split from west to east, and ancient West Eurasian genetic diversity in my PCA with these and other corded ware individuals goes back to the Yamnaya cluster.
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In the same PCA, R1b-P312 Dutch and British male Beakers form a narrow cluster at the top of the Beaker cleft, which extends to European Neolithic groups without steppe ancestry. The only Beaker to the east of the Dutch/British R1b-P312 Beaker cluster is from Hungary, and its Y-haplogroup R1b-Z2103 is Yamnaya specific, thus having a recent Yamnaya lineage.
These discoveries probably have important implications for the origin of the Netherland goblets and goblets that dominated much of Central and Western Europe during the Neolithic and Bronze Ages:
Dutch beakers are unlikely to be the result of recent long-distance migration to present-day Holland and surrounding areas, but instead are descendants of an earlier local population of individual graves (and thus ropeware).
The R1b-P312 lineage in the Dutch and British beakers derives from a single R1b-P312 burial, suggesting that R1b-P312 is common among many lineages in the Corded Ware culture.
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The spread of Yamnaya or steppe vines and goblet bodies throughout the goblet world and throughout Western Europe is probably attributed to the great spread of goblets from present-day Holland and surrounding areas (i.e. the Lower Rhine region).
The Late Yamnaya groups contributed some ancestry to Eastern Beaker groups such as the Carpathian Basin, while the Dutch Beakers received a high degree of Yamnaya-related ancestry from their individual burial ancestors, which they inherited from their proto-corded. Vengeful ancestors from the plains.
I agree that the discussion of the origins of the Bell Beaker cultural package is somewhat confusing. For all I know, it may have come from Iberia, the Carpathian Basin, or North Africa. But this post isn’t about that, it’s about its R1b-P312 genomic structure, similar to corded ware, and home to the classic Beaker warrior male with a brachycephalic skull. I am now almost certain that it was the Lower Rhine region.
From the publication of Olalda et al. Beaker paper (see here), there has been much discussion online about the Hungarian Yamnaya as the source of Yamnaya-related R1b-P312-rich Northern Bell Beaker, which later dominated much of Central and Western Europe. Neolithic and Bronze Age.
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Sure, it’s still possible, and we may soon find out if it’s true, as several samples of Hungarian Yamnaya are clear.
