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(wow) Words Of Wonders Level 1491 Answers

(wow) Words Of Wonders Level 1491 Answers – The plane took off in a strange situation in north central Bolivia and headed east towards the Brazilian border. In a few minutes, the roads and houses disappeared, and the only evidence of human habitation was cows scattered around the savannah like jimmies on ice cream. Then they too disappeared. Just then the archaeologists took out their cameras and clicked away in excitement.

Below us is Beni, a province of Bolivia the size of Illinois and Indiana combined, and almost the same land. It rains for almost half the year, and the snow melts from the mountains to the south and west, covering the country with dirty and slow water that eventually reaches the rivers of the north of -province, located under the Amazon. During the rest of the year, the water dries up and the bright green sky turns into something like a desert. This unique, remote and watery region has attracted the attention of explorers, not least because it is one of the few places in the world where people may never have seen Europeans with cameras.

(wow) Words Of Wonders Level 1491 Answers

Archaeologists Clark Erickson and William Balée sat in the front. Erickson is based at the University of Pennsylvania; he was working with the Bolivian archaeologist whose plane I was on that day. Balée works at Tulane University in New Orleans. He was indeed an anthropologist, but when the people of the land disappeared, the distinction between anthropologist and archaeologist became blurred. The two men were different in build, personality, and educational development, but they pressed their faces to the windows with the same passion.

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The forest islands are buried under vegetation, many of which are hundreds of hectares in size. Each island rises ten, thirty, or sixty feet above the flood flow, which allows trees to grow that never survive the water. The woods are united by a line, straight as a gunshot and three miles long. Erickson believes that this 30,000 square mile area of ​​forest, surrounded by raised land and connected by roads, was built by a complex community more than 2,000 years ago. Balée, new to Ben, welcomes the idea but is not yet ready to commit.

Erickson and Balée are among a group of scholars who challenged conventional ideas about what the West was like before Columbus. When I went to high school in the 1970s, I was taught that Native Americans came to America across the Bering Sea about 12,000 years ago, that they lived in small groups most of the time, and had very little. impact on their environment, which, even after thousands of years of habitation, remains largely desert. My son adopted the same ideas in his schools. One way to summarize the views of people like Erickson and Balée is to say that they think this picture of Indian life is wrong in every way. These researchers believe that there were more Indians here than previously thought, and in greater numbers. And they were so successful in enforcing their will on the landscape that in 1492 Columbus entered a world completely dominated by humans.

Because of the relationship between whites and Native Americans, the study of Indian culture and history is inevitably controversial. But recent scholarship is particularly controversial. At first, some scientists—many but not all of the older generation—derided the new ideas as ideas born of data misrepresentation and political bias. “I see no evidence that many people ever lived in Ben,” said Betty J. Meggers of the Smithsonian Institution. “To argue otherwise is wishful thinking.” According to Pennsylvania State University anthropologist Dean R. Snow, the same criticism applies to many new scientific claims about Native Americans. The problem is, “you can let a small piece of evidence of ethnic history tell you whatever you want,” he said. “It’s really easy to have a baby yourself.”

Most important is the impact of new ideas on today’s environmental wars. Much of the environmental movement is animated, consciously or not, by what University of Wisconsin geologist William Denevan succinctly calls the “myth of truth”—the belief that America in 1491 did not it had almost no sign, not even the land of Eden. The Wilderness Act of 1964, one of the country’s first and most important environmental laws, with the words “man shall not prevail”. As University of Wisconsin historian William Cronon writes, the restoration of this ancient natural state is a task that environmentalists consider to be society’s responsibility. But if the new idea is correct and human activity is common, where does this leave efforts to restore nature?

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Beni is a role model in a way. In addition to building Ben’s mounds for houses and gardens, the Indians fished in the swamps that filled the water, Erickson said. Indeed, he said, they developed large zigzag networks of bottom fish between the tracks. They light fires regularly to protect their habitat from unwanted trees and soil. Centuries of burning have created a robust ecosystem of fire-like plant species that depend on their innate pyrophilia. The current inhabitants of Ben are burning, although now it is the maintenance of the savannah of the herd. When he flew over the area, summer had already started, but miles of fire lines were already running. Burnt areas have blackened trees after the fires – many of which are believed to be the type of activists they are fighting to save in other parts of the Amazon.

After landing, I asked Balée if we should let the people continue to burn Ben? Or should we let the trees take over and create tropical forests on the grasslands, even if humans haven’t been here for thousands of years?

According to family lore, my great-great-great-great-grandfather was the first white man to be hanged in America. His name is John Billington. He came aboard the Mayflower, which landed on the coast of Massachusetts on November 9, 1620. Billington was not a Puritan; within six months of his arrival, he also became the first European in the United States to be tried on a police complaint. Colonial Governor William Bradford wrote of Billington, “He is a liar and he lives and dies.” One historian calls the end of Billington in 1630, when he was hanged for murder. My family always says it’s fixed, but we say it, don’t we?

A few years ago it occurred to me that my ancestors and everyone in the colony voluntarily joined an enterprise that took them to New England six weeks before winter without food or provisions. Half of the 102 people on the Mayflower made it in the spring, which was amazing. I was wondering how they survived?

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Bradford provided the answer in his history of Plymouth Colony: by robbing the houses and graves of the Indians. The Mayflower sailed first to Cape Cod. The armed party came out. Eventually he found an Indian settlement that didn’t last long. The newcomers – starving, cold, sick – dug graves and ransacked houses, searching the land for large quantities of grain. “And it must have been the grace of God that we got that corn,” said Bradford, “so we don’t know what to do.” (Although he does not like to steal.) When the colonists arrived in Plymouth a month later, they set up shop in an abandoned Indian village. During the coastal forest, Indians died lying in their houses on the hills, said the English trader Thomas Morton. “And the bones and skulls in many of their dwellings presented such an appearance” that the Morton Forest in Massachusetts seemed to be “a new Calvary”—the mountain of death in Roman Jerusalem.

The Pilgrims were surprised to find that one of the bodies they dug up on Cape Cod had hair. A French plane crashed there several years ago. Some of the survivors were captured by the Patuxet Indians. One of them is believed to have mastered the local language enough to inform his captors that God would destroy them for their evil deeds. Patuxet screamed threateningly. But the Europeans carried the disease and passed it on to their captors. The plague (probably viral hepatitis, according to research by Arthur E. Spiess, an archaeologist with the Maine Historic Preservation Commission, and Bruce D. Spiess, director of clinical research at the Medical College of Virginia) took years to he kills himself. and probably killed 90 percent of the population of the New England coast. He made a big difference in American history. “The good hand of God favored our beginning,” Bradford thought, “removing many from the earth… to make room for us”.

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