(wow) Words Of Wonders Level 1614 Answers – As a patient telling the therapist a dream, revealing his deepest secrets in the process, I presented my gut products to two researchers at the Institute of Science and Technology. Weizmann in Rehovot. I expected to learn something important about myself. Dr Eran Elinav, Department of Immunology at the Institute, and Professor Eran Segal, Department of Informatics and Applied Mathematics, wanted to analyze my “second genome”, namely the millions of bacteria that live in the digestive tract. mine and responsible for some of my important functions. characteristics: my tendency to gain weight, my likelihood of having diabetes and possibly diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. In the meantime, I’ll be meeting with Segal and Elinav to talk about the new gene revolution.
Elinav notes: “The 20th century was the century of the human genome. “It showed how our genes work and how they are related to our traits, behaviors and diseases. Now a new genome has been discovered that includes millions of viruses. Bacteria live in our bodies and affect us in a million ways.Of course, ever since the invention of the microscope, we’ve known about those bacteria, fungi, and so on, but we didn’t know right. What to do with the information These rotten bacteria don’t grow in laboratory conditions.It was only with the advent of this technology that we were able to analyze their DNA for the first time and explore the world. this microorganism.”
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“We were amazed at how complex and important this new world is,” says Segal. Most of our matter is made up of these bacteria. It is believed that the number of them in our body is at least equal to the number of human cells, and they have 150 times as many genes. In other words, we do our best to understand less than 1% of our bodies and ignore more than 99% of it. We are talking about cooperation between human and bacterial cells. This symbiosis produces a “holobiome” – “holo” comes from the word “whole”; “Biome” is the ecological environment.
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These two scientists recently published the results of a remarkable study that tackles a problem that affects all of us: our diet. In the largest diet-based study in history, 1,000 people ate their normal diet for a week while a small monitor measured their blood sugar every 5 minutes. Since participants report everything they ate in real time, each glycemic reading can be compared to the specific type of food consumed.
The results were impressive. First of all, it turns out that there is no single food whose effects are predictable for everyone. Is rice better than ice cream? Not necessarily: In 60% of participants, blood sugar increased more with rice than with ice cream. Are potatoes harmful? Not for those who show an inner indifference towards them. In fact, what is good for one person may not be good for another, and vice versa. Every person is unique when it comes to nutrition. Segal and Elinav found that people’s different responses were partly due to the different microbial populations they contained.
Their results show that there is no such thing as good food and bad food, because everything is personal. If so, were the general recommendations helpful?
Segal: “General nutrition labeling still holds true. Food dyes and processed foods are still not good for most people. However, general recommendations are certainly problematic for carbohydrates. It is now clear that not only the calorie value of the food but also the glycemic index, which measures the rate at which sugar is absorbed from the blood, is also important. A high GI, as in dates, indicates rapid absorption of sugar into the bloodstream, which can then plummet. Such fluctuations in blood sugar are a significant risk factor for weight gain and the development of diabetes, so the general recommendation is to consume low GI foods.
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“But how is GI defined?” Elivan continued. “They took 10 to 20 people, checked their blood sugar after they ate a certain meal, and then averaged it out. The mean values in our study are in good agreement with the known GI values. But if the differences between people are so great – as we show – then we have to wonder what this average means for a particular person.
“Yes,” confirmed Segal, “and the lack of it may explain why most people can’t lose weight, even when they try their best. Sure, eating fewer calories will lead to weight loss, but calories aren’t the whole story. In general, when people reduce the amount of fat they eat, they increase their carbohydrate intake, and their effects are different for everyone. Only personalized recommendations can work. When we create a personalized menu based on the GI of each food, everyone’s blood sugar stays stable.”
Segal: “We wanted to find out what human traits might explain different responses by individuals to food. We have created a database of unprecedented scale containing the vast amount of data that we have collected for each participant. We also examined large sections of each participant’s human genome and sequenced each microbiome end-to-end. In short, we created a very detailed, individual profile for each participant. Connecting and collating so much information is a big challenge, but we’ve created an algorithm that can predict how a person will react to different foods. A thorough examination of all factors that allowed us to predict individual responses revealed that one of the most important was the microbial population. We found that each person has a unique mix of bacteria, a distinct signature that affects their response to food.”
“Indeed,” said Elinav. “Two years ago, we also showed that gut bacteria are responsible for the surprising and disturbing differences. We found that the artificial sweeteners used by millions of people cause some people gain weight and put them at risk for diabetes.In other words, sugar substitutes do exactly what these people want to avoid.
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Elinav continued: “We suspected gut bacteria and did an experiment. “We gave a group of people an artificial sweetener and monitored their blood sugar. Over the course of five days, we discovered that there were two groups. As expected, one group remained unaffected, but the other group showed instability in blood sugar balance. We found differences in the composition of the bacteria in the two groups, but to control for the results, we took the bacteria from the poorly responding participants and injected them into sterile mice without have their own bacteria. The mice gain weight and are prone to diabetes! In contrast, bacteria taken from the participants who did not respond to the sweetener had no effect on the mice. Based on the difference in microbial composition between the two groups, we developed an algorithm that can predict who in the general population should avoid sweeteners.”
There is much more to explain these results, Segal adds. “For example, different effects of drugs on different people. A recent study found that the effectiveness of anticancer drugs depends on the patient’s microbiome.’
“Yes,” Elinav replied, “because our bacteria act differently during the day and at night.” You and I may eat the same foods in the morning and at night, but if I have high blood sugar in the morning and low blood sugar in the evening, your reaction may be opposite.” exists in every cell in our body, it also affects our bacteria. Many of the changes that we experience in the cycles of day and night, waking and sleeping, are precisely regulated through them. Circadian clock disturbances, such as those caused by shift work or time zone differences, have a direct impact on microbial function and can cause disease.
“It has long been known that people who work shifts and travel long distances are prone to weight gain, diabetes and even cancer, but this has not been elucidated. Our work shows that these are microbial bacteria.
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Elinav: “We had a group of students who had a plane delay while taking them around the world. We asked them to collect the bacteria in their stool three times: before the flight, at the height of jetlag, and two weeks after. We found large differences in each student’s three samples. We then transferred the bacteria from each stage to germ-free mice. The results were astounding: mice injected with bacteria from time-lapse students became obese and developed diabetes. Those who received the bacteria from samples taken before or after the onset of time zones were not affected.
There are millions of species
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